fix: reject unsupported Substrait aggregation phases

[goutamadwant]

Which issue does this PR close?

• Closes Substrait consumer ignores AggregateFunction.phase, so an intermediate aggregate runs as a complete one #24967.

Rationale for this change

The Substrait consumer treats intermediate aggregate phases as complete calls. This can silently return final values when a plan requests intermediate state, or report an unrelated root-schema naming error.

What changes are included in this PR?

• Validate phases in aggregate and window expressions before translating their arguments.
• Accept INITIAL_TO_RESULT and retain UNSPECIFIED for compatibility with existing DataFusion-produced plans.
• Reject intermediate phases and unknown protobuf enum values with explicit errors.

What is the testing strategy for this PR?

• Reproduced the original behavior: an INITIAL_TO_INTERMEDIATE average over values 1 and 2 returned 1.5 instead of intermediate state.
• Added tests for supported phases, every unsupported phase, rooted and unrooted aggregates, unknown binary-protobuf enum values, and actual window output.
• The full Substrait integration target passes: 213 tests passed, with six existing tests ignored.
• The required extended workspace suite passes: 11,267 tests passed, eight existing tests ignored, and all 511 SQL logic-test files completed.
• cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings passes.
• The complete ./dev/rust_lint.sh passes, including strict workspace documentation checks.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Plans with unsupported aggregate or window phases now fail explicitly instead of being interpreted as complete calls. Existing unspecified-phase plans remain accepted. No public Rust API changes are included. Intermediate-state execution and the separate AVG output-type mismatch are not addressed here.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 81.72%. Comparing base (1b6dc92) to head (6e8b7b3).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #25045      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   81.72%   81.72%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files        1127     1127              
  Lines      416310   416318       +8     
  Branches   416310   416318       +8     
==========================================
+ Hits       340224   340226       +2     
- Misses      56095    56103       +8     
+ Partials    19991    19989       -2     

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[kumarUjjawal]

Hi @goutamadwant thank you for the fix, though I see alexandrefimov mentioned opening a PR. Can you please coordinate with the issue author so we don't duplicate the work.